There is no "electrical" reason why the XPCR cannot be used with a fuse box. However, the code now requires a 240V circuit be configured so that when one phase loses power, the other phase must also be interrupted. Fuse panels do not work that way. It requires a ganged circuit breaker.
While the preferred approach would be to upgrade your electrical system to a breaker panel, it is possible to meet code by feeding a small breaker subpanel off the main fuse panel. I did that years ago using the unused 240V RANGE disconnect to feed a subpanel for a workshop. (The house had a gas stove.) Then just add a small enclosure for the XPCR fed off a 240V 15A breaker.
It is possible that your local bulding department will require replacing the entire fusebox if any electrical work is done. So, check with them first.
Jeff